Beyond hyperglycemia, dysregulated lipid metabolism, oxidative stress, and inflammation drive early disease ( This review focuses on PUFA metabolism and eicosanoid signaling as upstream drivers of early DR, and highlights selected modifiable metabolic factors, including Hcy, that may enhance lipid-mediated oxidative and inflammatory signaling within the retinal neurovascular unit
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Niacinamide, on the other hand, is a form of Vitamin B3
Diabetes Obes Metab 22(3):355364 Ruiz PLD, Stene LC, Bakken IJ, Hberg SE, Birkeland KI, Gulseth HL (2018) Decreasing incidence of pharmacologically and non-pharmacologically treated type 2 diabetes in Norway: a nationwide study
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