A study from The Netherlands (Riphagen, 2020) found that after 8.5 years of follow-up of an older cohort (median baseline age=65), a doubling of baseline MMA levels was associated with an increased risk of mortality (HR 11.48, CI 3.3239.64)
Recent research focuses on identifying novel biomarkers defined as biological molecules indicating physiological or pathological processes to enable early detection of DR, halt progression, and prognostic outcomes (e.g., predicting NPDRPDR transition), thereby guiding resource allocation and treatment strategies (31)
& Colice, G
Therefore, competing for the ligands with mRAGE acting as a decoy for ligands, sRAGE has cytoprotective effects (Yan et al., 2010
Decades of Russian gerontology research distilled this activity into a short synthetic sequence, Ala-Glu-Asp-Gly, designed to reproduce key actions of the natural extract in a defined, reproducible form