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Important gaps persist, including limited long-term safety data in vulnerable populations, incomplete monitoring of antimicrobial resistance transfer, and scarce head-to-head comparisons between strains or formulations, which hinder the development of clear, strain-specific clinical guidelines ( This review aims to (i) summarize current evidence on probiotic mechanisms and health benefits, (ii) critically evaluate therapeutic applications and associated risks, and (iii) highlight novel directions such as NGPs, engineered strains, and microbiome-targeted interventions
Ethics statement The studies involving human participants were reviewed and approved by CAMH Research Ethics Board
Small molecules targeting ferroptosis by regulating the SLC7A11/GPX4 pathway The SLC7A11/GPX4 axis is vital in preventing cellular ferroptosis
For those wondering how to stop excess melanin production naturally, adopting a nutrient-rich diet that includes foods high in antioxidants, such as leafy greens, berries, and nuts, can support melanin regulation
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