This C-terminal metabolite of GLP-1 has shown cytoprotective effects in isolated mouse hepatocytes and cells exposed to oxidative stress injury, as indicated by trafficking to the mitochondria and the limiting of stress-induced apoptosis through inhibition of mitochondrial depolarization, cytochrome c release, and caspase activation (11, 42)
The concept of "stacking" using more than one peptide at once for synergistic effect is central to how recovery peptides are marketed
In this context, the use of probiotics, prebiotics, specific diets, dietary supplements, fecal microbiota transplantation, some pharmacological interventions, and improved sleep has been suggested
K.PlanchaC
The link between alcohol and GLP-1 starts already in the gut, as alcohol intake can result in an elevated level of gut-produced GLP-1 in rats (Davis et al., 2013)