Although TMA-lyase has been characterized to be responsible for gut microbial choline metabolism [16,17,18,19], the key gut microorganism and the relevant enzyme involved in the conversion of carnitine to TMA remains unclear
Dietary carnitine has a bioavailability of approximately 6375% from foods [1][10]
This approach developed primarily due to a healthcare system incentivizing managing disease rather than preventing it
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This phenomenon, termed ingestion analgesia, has also been observed in animals 3,4,5,6