Low ROS levels activate cell survival signaling pathways, such as the unfolded protein response and Nrf2 pathways, whereas high ROS levels activate cell death signaling pathways, such as apoptosis and necroptosis pathways 43
Safety: The most common side effects are mild gastrointestinal symptoms, such as nausea or diarrhea, which typically improve with time
If in fact future studies robustly establish a beneficial effect of the drug class in HF, it may allow for broader adoption of GLP-1 RAs in the prevalent CVD, ultimately contributing to addressing the unmet medical need that continues to persist in the prevention or management of, in particular, HFpEF
It plays a central role in supporting immune health, cellular repair, and neutralizing free radicals
This mechanism is critical as it operates alongside traditional cytotoxic pathways such as granzyme-perforin and Fas-FasL