The inflammatory microenvironment reduces the glutamate uptake, inducing accumulation of this excitatory amino acid and excitotoxic neurodegeneration
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For type 2 diabetes, these include semaglutide (Ozempic), dulaglutide (Trulicity), liraglutide (Victoza), and exenatide (Byetta, Bydureon)
A recent study involving 3,390 people taking semaglutide or liraglutide found participants who took high doses of their drug 1.7 mg, 2.0 mg or 2.4 mg of semaglutide, or 3 mg of liraglutide lost more weight after a year compared to people taking lower doses
When activated, MC1R triggers a signaling cascade: MC1R activation cAMP increase cAMP activates MITF (master melanocyte transcription factor) MITF upregulates tyrosinase and related enzymes Pheomelanin production shifts to eumelanin production This last point is the key insight