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Previous studies have demonstrated that APAP intoxication disrupts the temporal dynamics of hepatic lipid metabolism (Xiong et al

One example of an exclusively acquired carnitine deficiency involves chronic use of pivalate-conjugated antibiotics

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1 Introduction Diabetic retinopathy (DR), a leading cause of vision impairment among working-age adults, affects approximately 146 million individuals globally, with projections estimating an increase to 180 million by 2030, driven by the rising prevalence of diabetes, particularly in low- and middle-income countries ( The pathophysiology of early DR involves a complex interplay of hyperglycemia-induced microvascular damage, inflammation, oxidative stress, and advanced glycation end product (AGE) accumulation ( Advances in diagnostic technologies, including ultra-widefield fundus photography, optical coherence tomography (OCT), OCT angiography (OCTA), and artificial intelligence (AI)-based algorithms, have revolutionized early NPDR detection, achieving over 95% accuracy and enabling prediction of systemic risks ( This review synthesizes the molecular basis of early-stage DR, compares its pathophysiology between T1DM and T2DM, evaluates diagnostic innovations, and explores therapeutic advancements supported by recent clinical trials and real-world data

Western blot analysis further confirmed that H2O2 treatment led to increased levels of senescence-associated proteins p53, Ser15-phospho-p53, and p21