entire lower extremity removed Hindquarter/hemipelvectomy: Removal of lower limb and hemipelvis Anatomical Levels Upper Extremity Digit(s): Finger or thumb at any phalangeal level Hand/wrist: Transmetacarpal, wrist disarticulation Below elbow (trans-radial): Through radius and ulna Elbow disarticulation: Through the elbow joint Above elbow (trans-humeral): Through the humerus Shoulder disarticulation: Through the glenohumeral joint Forequarter: Removal of entire upper extremity including scapula and clavicle Etiological Pathophysiology Vascular/Diabetic (most common, ~54% of all amputations): Progressive ischemia due to peripheral arterial disease (PAD) and/or diabetic microvascular disease leads to gangrene (wet, dry, or gas)
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Astrup, A, Carraro, R, Finer, N, et al
Key mechanistic observations from laboratory studies: G-actin sequestration: TB-500 binds monomeric G-actin, regulating the pool available for filament polymerization
In addition, the treatment with canagliflozin induced cell apoptosis of TC cells (Wang et al., 2022)