Oral formulations may require longer use to achieve comparable effects
Furthermore, only 1.2% of the B12 in an oral supplement is actually absorbed in the intestines
It regulates cytoskeletal reassembly, cell migration velocity, and intracellular transport processes
Pathological causes of elevated B12 warrant careful consideration: Haematological disorders : Myeloproliferative neoplasms (polycythaemia vera, chronic myeloid leukaemia), acute leukaemia, and lymphoproliferative disorders can increase B12-binding proteins (transcobalamin and haptocorrin), elevating total serum B12 [3] Liver disease : Hepatocellular damage releases stored B12 into circulation
Animal-to-human amount translation is not straightforward and requires allometric scaling, and human pharmacokinetics, safety, and efficacy remain uncharacterized in published literature