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So people at greatest risk for deficiency include those with low stomach acid (e.g., older adults and people on proton pump inhibitors or antacids) or low IF production (known as pernicious anemia), people on medications that interfere with B12 absorption (such as metformin), people who have had gastric surgery, those with GI conditions that impair nutrient absorption (like celiac or Crohn's disease), and people on vegan and vegetarian diets
This dual action of enhancing insulin while inhibiting glucagon secretion ensures a balanced approach to maintaining normoglycemia[^2^]
38 HorvthE.BelaK.Gall.RiyazuddinR.CsomorG.CsenkiD.et al
For musculoskeletal injuries, this might include range of motion testing, strength assessments, or imaging follow-up
The microbiota-gut-brain axis (MGBA) has emerged as a fundamental bidirectional communication network that connects intestinal health, microbial activity, and peripheral immunity with central nervous system (CNS) function, including mood and cognition (Appleton, 2018
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