Several factors can impair B12 absorption: Reduced stomach acid production (achlorhydria or hypochlorhydria), common in older adults and those taking proton pump inhibitors or H2-receptor antagonists long-term, impairs the release of B12 from food proteins Pernicious anaemia , an autoimmune condition destroying parietal cells and reducing intrinsic factor production, completely blocks the primary absorption pathway Gastrointestinal disorders including Crohn's disease, coeliac disease, or surgical removal of stomach or ileum sections directly damage absorption sites Metformin , commonly prescribed for type 2 diabetes, may reduce B12 absorption through unclear mechanisms
The study was small and had no comparison group, but the fact that relief lasted many months is noteworthy
Vukojevi J, Siroglavi M, Kanik K, et al
TB-500, a synthetic version of the naturally occurring Thymosin Beta-4 peptide fragment, appears to promote cell migration, differentiation, and wound healing by regulating actin polymerization and increasing vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) activity
While semaglutide alone is effective in regulating appetite and promoting weight reduction, adding B12 can enhance energy and metabolism, which is especially useful for maintaining vitality during a calorie-restricted diet
