The most recent comprehensive synthesis is a July 2025 systematic review in the HSS Journal , the musculoskeletal journal of the Hospital for Special Surgery in New York, led by Nikhil Vasireddi at Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine
For instance, polyamines such as spermidine exhibit protective effects, with animal studies confirming their ability to improve follicular development by enhancing ovarian antioxidant capacity and modulating autophagy (91)
While both peptides target tissue repair, they differ in origin, mechanism, scope of action, and pharmacokinetics
Stronger efficacy, fewer side effects, and more reliable supply have given Lilly a U.S
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