Inflammopharmacol 30 , 15691596 (2022)
The peptides under investigation, include: Nle-AngIV (Nle-Tyr-Ile-His-Pro-Phe) and its analogs such as D-Nle-YIH, acetyl-NleYIH, -amino butyric acid-YIH, NleYI-amide, and the primary focus, N-hexanoic-Tyr-Ile-(6) aminohexanoic amide (Dihexa)
Strengths: No needles Higher bioavailability than oral spray for some peptide sequences Convenient, discreet administration Does not require first-pass metabolism considerations Considerations: Patient technique still matters Nasal irritation in some patients Seasonal nasal congestion can affect absorption Sublingual: A Close Cousin to Oral Spray Sublingual delivery places the peptide under the tongue for mucosal absorption
Pre-Treatment and Post-Treatment Proper preparation and aftercare improve treatment effectiveness and safety
Lipid control of TJ integrity has been postulated for decades but remains sketchy (60, 61)