More specifically, an in vivo study, based on chronic 40-day peripheral administration of lixisenatide to high-fat fed mice with established obesity, insulin resistance and impaired cognition, found that lixisenatide significantly upregulated expression of the neurotrophic tyrosine kinase receptor type 2 ( NTRK2 ) gene and of the mammalian target of rapamycin ( mTOR ) gene in the hippocampus, which are involved in regulating synaptic plasticity [100]
Someone seeking modest weight reduction might find 4-8mg weekly achieves their objectives with minimal side effects
The group was split evenly: half underwent bariatric surgery (think procedures like sleeve gastrectomy or gastric bypass), and the other half received first-generation GLP-1 drugs, such as liraglutide or exenatide
Int J Obes (Lond) (2008) 32 Suppl 6:S1118
Taken together, these results suggest that vagus-dependent enteroendocrine signaling serves as a mediator of specific gut microorganisms to modulate locomotor behavior (Fig