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Mitochondrial Respiration and Hypoxia Protection The 2003 study by Khvatova, Samartzev, Zagoskin, Prudchenko, and Mikhaleva published in Peptides confirmed that DSIP significantly increased ADP-stimulated mitochondrial respiration in rat brain mitochondria under experimental hypoxia conditions establishing a direct mitochondrial respiratory mechanism for DSIPs stress-protective potency and linking DSIP biology to the emerging field of mitochondria-targeted neuroprotective peptides

PubMed ClinicalTrials.gov

Also, B12 injections can lead to allergic reactions in some people

In topical application, studies use concentrations of 0.01-1% in cream or serum formulations (Pickart et al., BioMed Res Int 2015For subcutaneous injection (research), doses vary depending on the experimental model

Common causes of vitamin B12 deficiency Q: Anti-aging products that work and ones to avoid