Subsequently, cytochrome c translocates from the mitochondrial intermembranous space into the cytoplasm, where they form the apoptosome and eventually trigger executioner caspases (104, 105)
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Civil Engineering, UCLA Last updated: July 2026 Human-researched and AI-assisted with full editorial review
Their functional enrichment analyses linked these genes to mRNA metabolic processes, immune cell regulation, and RNA transport pathways, confirming their potential role in OA pathogenesis and immune-mediated joint degradation (Huo et al., 2025)
OCTN2 is localized on various cell membranes and can transport acetylcarnitine into cells as well as ensure acetylcarnitine uptake from the gut and across the bloodbrain barrier (BBB) [59]