In the absence of gastric parietal cell or intrinsic factor antibodies, gastroenterology consultation and other diagnostic tests (eg, endoscopy) may be necessary to determine the cause of cobalamin deficiency if a clear and sufficient explanation is not readily evident from the patient's history (eg, a long history of adherence to a vegan diet, nitrous oxide exposure in surgery or recreationally, history of fish tapeworm infection, or a history of bariatric surgery, gastrectomy, or surgical resection of the terminal ileum)
Affordable, no long term commitment
Having a strong immune system is a must for overall health and well-being
That level of support can be especially valuable for people who are tired of trying one diet after another without lasting progress
Applications include investigating type 2 diabetes prevention, insulin resistance mechanisms, and novel therapeutic approaches for metabolic dysfunction through enzymatic pathway modulation