Furthermore, while MACE included mortality attributed specifically to cardiac causes, the broader definition of mortality within MAKE did not allow for precise attribution to renal causes due to the limitations of diagnostic coding
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Established risk factors for venous thromboembolism (VTE) include: Obesity (BMI 30 kg/m), which increases venous stasis and pro-inflammatory states Immobility or reduced mobility , particularly relevant in patients with severe obesity Previous history of VTE or family history of thrombophilia Active malignancy or recent surgery Hormonal therapies , including combined oral contraceptives or hormone replacement therapy Pregnancy and the postpartum period Smoking , which affects endothelial function and coagulation Risk factors for arterial thrombosis (myocardial infarction, stroke) include: Type 2 diabetes mellitus , associated with endothelial dysfunction, platelet hyperreactivity, and a prothrombotic state Hypertension , causing arterial wall damage Dyslipidaemia , promoting atherosclerotic plaque formation Established cardiovascular disease Chronic kidney disease , common in diabetes and associated with increased cardiovascular risk Patients initiating GLP-1 therapy should undergo a comprehensive cardiovascular risk assessment

Current FDA-approved treatments, such as disulfiram, acamprosate and naltrexone, can help manage AUD by reducing consumption and relapse risk, but their effectiveness varies widely across individuals (Heilig et al