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Rotate injection sites (abdomen, thighs, upper arms) to reduce local irritation [7]

Participants were excluded if they had significant medical histories, abnormal lab results, or conditions affecting alcohol metabolism or absorption of the investigational product

Additional at-risk groups include: Vegans and strict vegetarians , who may have low dietary B12 intake People with autoimmune conditions , including pernicious anaemia or type 1 diabetes Individuals with gastrointestinal conditions such as Crohn's disease or coeliac disease, which impair nutrient absorption People who have undergone bariatric surgery , which can significantly reduce B12 absorption Long-term users of proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) or H2-receptor antagonists , which reduce gastric acid and impair B12 release from food Those with a family history of either pernicious anaemia or diabetes For these groups, simultaneous monitoring of B12 status and glycaemic markers is particularly important to avoid diagnostic errors

The surgery was performed on the right hind limb and the left limb served as a control

Your body relies on several components to produce healthy blood cells that carry oxygen