192,193 Although the nature of the relationship is not entirely understood, it is believed that smoking causes blood vessel damage and dysfunction that leads to poor kidney blood flow and decreased kidney function
It justifies the general antioxidant protocol, which describes that SODs convert superoxide into H 2 O 2 and molecular oxygen, whereas CAT and GPx convert H 2 O 2 into water (Weydert and Cullen, 2010)
These knowledge gaps necessitate expanded Phase II clinical trials and rigorous toxicological assessments, despite the associated cost/time burdens [183]
It oxidises when exposed to air and light
Wang J, Cao X, Wang C, Xiao Z, Chen F, Feng Y, Yue L, Wang Z, Xing B