Measuring a second messenger (e.g., cAMP or Ca 2+ ) supports pathway engagement, but proving that the pathway is causally responsible for the cellular response requires additional evidence such as receptor antagonists, pathway inhibitors, receptor knockdown or knockout, or orthogonal rescue experiments
The compounds discussed are investigational and, unless otherwise noted, have not been approved for human therapeutic use by Health Canada or any other regulatory body
Unlike growth hormone therapies that stimulate pituitary secretion, IGF-1 LR3 directly activates cellular growth and repair pathways
Glutathione Results: What is Realistic
Goldstein, S., Merenyi, G., Russo, A