If vitamin B12 is ingested in its free (or nonprotein bound form), it will bind to a carrier protein known as R-binders or transcobalamin I that is secreted by both the salivary glands in the oropharynx and the gastric mucosal cells within the stomach.1,2,8 The free vitamin B12 ingested by mouth will remain in the bound form with an R-binder until it reaches the second segment of the duodenum in the small intestine
In this regard, the following guidelines should be kept in mind: Ideal Storage Temperature for Longer Shelf-Life Once the vial containing bacteriostatic water for injection is opened, it is recommended to keep it stored at controlled room temperature for up to 28 days
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Vascular smooth muscle cells in atherosclerosis
Kuwasawa-Iwasaki M, Io H, Muto M, Ichikawa S, Wakabayashi K, Kanda R, et al