(2014) Role of glutathione, glutathione transferase, and glutaredoxin in regulation of redox-dependent processes, Biochemistry (Moscow) , 79 , 1562-1583, doi: Dwivedi, D., Megha, K., Mishra, R., and Mandal, P
This confirmed the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of melasma
Importantly, it has been proposed that the up-regulation of autophagy could work as a therapeutic target to treat these diseases (Thellung et al., 2018), and autophagy stimulation has been shown to significantly suppress HSV-1 infection in various cell types, as evidenced by assessing HSV-1 genomes and virus titers that indicated that inducing autophagy strongly suppresses HSV-1 infection (Yakoub and Shukla, 2015)
The evidence split is the whole story here
Psychological causes benefit from counseling, relaxation techniques, and sometimes medication to manage anxiety