Key determinants include the transport and clearance of metabolic byproducts, the oxidative potential of active muscles, and the availability of energy substrates like carbohydrates and fats (Bourdas et al
This co-exposure causes intestinal barrier dysfunction and gut microbiota dysbiosis, driving synergistic liver injury via the gut-liver axis
In addition, factors affecting oxidative stress, the necessary co-factor in APAP-induced neurological injury (discussed in detail below), may change over time [41]
ALCAR rescue to Al 2 O 3 NPs induced mitochondrial dysfunction Cell viability of HBE cells treated with PBS, 0.1, 0.3 mg/ml ALCAR, 500 g/ml Al 2 O 3 NPs, 0.1 mg/ml ALCAR + 500 g/ml Al 2 O 3 NPs, or 0.3 mg/ml ALCAR + 500 g/ml Al 2 O 3 NPs was assessed to determine an appropriate therapeutic dose of ALCAR
Cells 10:3294