Bile acids can also stimulate GLP-1.[ref] Importantly, modern exposure to glyphosate and antibiotics may be reducing our natural, constant GLP-1 levels: Animal studies show that GLP-1 levels are reduced due to gut microbiome changes from glyphosate.[ref] Studies using germ-free mice show that GLP-1 secretion after a meal is abolished without the gut microbiome.[ref] How GLP-1 Controls Appetite and Prevents Binge Eating GLP-1 regulates appetite through several distinct mechanisms that affect the brain and the gut
Always consult with a qualified healthcare professional, endocrinologist, or your treating physician regarding diagnosis, treatment options, side effects, and whether investigational therapies are safe and appropriate for your specific health needs.
Intestinal Permeability Damage to the intestinal barrier can allow bacterial components to enter circulation, triggering inflammatory responses that interfere with insulin signaling
However, the clinical importance of this effect is modest, and the timing relative to meals is less important than consistent daily intake
Journal of Neuroscience Research, 91(10), 1296-1305