With ovarian aging, the fully glycosylated follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) variant 24 (FSH24) increases, exhibiting reduced affinity for the FSH receptor (FSHR) ( 2+ levels, along with reduced cAMP, elevate mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (Jin et al., 2022), which upregulates the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio on the mitochondrial membrane, triggering mitochondrial transmembrane potential loss and Cyt C release
As we age, levels of NAD+ naturally decline, leading to diminished cellular function and increased susceptibility to age-related diseases
An example pathway is a supplement protocol for poor ovarian responders that could include antioxidant support and targeted GHK-Cu administration to the ovary in animal models before translating to human trials
Also, most supplements are well below the upper limit
These processes could lead to faster recovery from muscle damage and indirectly enhance muscle growth and endurance through improved healing