Oxidative stress, characterized by the excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) [34], can compromise mitochondrial membrane integrity [14], leading to increased permeability and the release of pro-apoptotic factors such as cytochrome c (CytC) into the cytoplasm [35]
By converting lipid peroxides (L-OOH) into non-toxic lipids, GPX4 counteracts oxygen- and iron-dependent lipid peroxidation, with GSH acting as a crucial cofactor
Diabetes Care 48 , 846859 (2025)
Embryo and cell immunostaining For section immunostaining, E9.5 embryos were collected, washed with cold PBS, fixed in 4% paraformaldehyde overnight at 4 C, and dehydrated through a graded sucrose series (10%, 20%, and 30%
Human data, however, remain inconclusive