Proteins Casein protein [129], whey proteins [130], peptones [131], and different amino acids such as l-glutamine [132], l-phenylalanine [133], L-tryptophan [134], and l-arginine induce GLP-1 secretion through activation of the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR), the taste receptor TAS1R1/TAS1R3, G-protein-coupled receptor 6A (GPRC6A) [135], GPR142, peptide transporter-1 (PEPT1) [136], and amino acid (AA) transporter [137] (Fig
Phase 4: Weeks 17 to 24 (peak development) Structural change consolidates
In children and adults with significant deficiency, symptoms may involve muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, or cardiac complications
A GLP-1 receptor agonist is a medication that mimics the natural GLP-1 hormone
PTM Analysis: PTM analysis of therapeutic peptides using MS identifies and characterizes modifications like phosphorylation, glycosylation, and acetylation