With the ongoing accumulation of intracellular iron ions, a notable increase in the levels of iron cycling phase proteins, including DMT1 and TFR1, occur within both osteoblasts and osteoclasts (131, 132)
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Not all studies start from the same baseline and, in general, results are more consistent when there is a specific context (for example, risk of altered carnitine levels)
Research and clinical experience suggest that IV NAD+ produces a sharp but short-lived spike in plasma levels that does not reliably translate to intracellular increases, which is where the therapeutic effect actually happens
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