coli , and cells lacking both DsbA and endogenous glutathione can neither fully utilize the oxidative power of exogenous GSSG nor compensate the reductive power of GSH in their periplasm
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When under oxidative stress (OS) conditions, Hb is oxidized, it binds to the cytoplasmic domain of membrane protein band 3, triggering the formation of aggregates and the covalent linkage of natural anti-band 3 antibodies that may lead to premature RBC removal by splenic macrophages [1, 9]
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This relatively small GPCR family is characterized by a long extracellular ligand-binding domain stabilized by three disulfide bridges formed by six highly conserved cysteine residues, seven -helical transmembrane domains, universal for all GPCRs and an intracellular C-terminal domain, responsible mostly for receptor internalization due to the presence of multiple phosphorylation sites [22, 23]