This hormonal cascade works as follows: The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) GnRH signals the anterior pituitary to release luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) LH stimulates the Leydig cells to produce testosterone Rising testosterone feeds back to the hypothalamus and pituitary to regulate production (negative feedback loop) Testosterone is responsible for: Muscle protein synthesis and lean body mass maintenance Bone mineral density Red blood cell production Libido and sexual function Energy, mood, and cognitive function Fat distribution and metabolic health Normal total testosterone in adult men ranges from approximately 300 to 1,000 ng/dL, with levels declining by roughly 1 to 2 percent per year after age 30 (Harman et al., 2001)
During or after TBI, astrocytes and microglia can rapidly respond to injury by affecting BBB function
PTD-DBM represents one component of what may eventually become standardized multi-target protocols incorporating Wnt activation, DHT reduction, growth factor supplementation, anti-inflammatory agents, and regenerative peptides
Gallazzi M, Ucciero MAM, Faraci DG, et al
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, pharmacology, and COVID-19 infection