Abbreviations AEs: adverse events BC: body composition BHB: -hydroxybutyrate BIA: bioelectrical impedance analysis BIVA: bioelectrical impedance vector analysis BMI: body mass index BW: body weight CT: computed tomography CVD: cardiovascular disease FM: fat mass FFM: free fat mass GI: gastrointestinal GLP-1: glucagon-like peptide-1 GLP-1RA: glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonist HFpEF: heart failure with preserved ejection fraction KD: ketogenic diet LBM: lean body mass MASH: metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis MD: Mediterranean diet MEAL: Muscle maintenance, Energy balance, Avoid side effects, Liquid intake MM: muscle mass MNT: medical nutrition therapy MRI: magnetic resonance imaging PUFA: polyunsaturated fatty acids RCTs: randomised controlled trials SCFAs: short-chain fatty acids STEP: Semaglutide Treatment Effect in People with obesity T2D: type 2 diabetes TNF: tumor necrosis factor VLCKDs: very-low-calorie ketogenic diets VLEKT: very low energy ketogenic therapy WC: waist circumference WHO: World Health Organization References Finucane MM, Stevens GA, Cowan MJ, Danaei G, Lin JK, Paciorek CJ, et al

Extracellular reduction of the ascorbate free radical by human erythrocytes
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Fatigue: Short-term energy dips from metabolic demands
The nasal spray format is not simply a convenience feature - it represents a strategic design choice aimed at improving pharmacokinetic reliability in experimental models