In prior studies, we have shown that while pulsatile hyperglycemia and chronic leucine infusions, for example, promote increased -cell mass and insulin secretion in normally grown late-gestation fetuses, these benefits are notably absent in FGR fetuses
Flagg EW, Coates RJ, Eley W, et al
150 mV (Morscher et al
2 Under normal physiological conditions, the Nrf2 pathway provides a primary cellular defense against oxidative stress by upregulating antioxidant and detoxification gene expression
Specifically, ROS can modulate the activity of key enzymes in the glycolysis process through oxidation modification, such as hexokinase [171], phosphofructokinase-1 [172], and pyruvate kinase [173]