Grunvald E, Shah R, Hernaez R, et al
Studies have shown that in IRI models, HO levels are elevated by tens of times compared to normal conditions, and ROS such as O, HO, andOH accumulate exponentially, far exceeding the scavenging capacity of endogenous antioxidant systems such as SOD and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), leading to severe oxidative stress [22]
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Furthermore, Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) is a crucial immune receptor that initiates the p38 MAPK pathway upon activation, which prompts the production of cytokines such as IL-1, IL-6 and IL-18