Bacteria develop antibiotic resistance through genetic alterations, including plasmid conjugation, phage-based transduction, horizontal transformation, activation of mobile genetic elements, and DNA mutagenesis (Dwyer et al
It is present at a diverse range of concentrations (0.110 mM) in nearly all Gram-negative bacteria, some Gram-positive bacteria, and all eukaryotic cells
It also plays a crucial role in the body's natural detoxification process, which helps to eliminate toxins and other harmful substances from the body
In addition, DKD is mediated by multiple cell death pathways[93]
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