Fermented foods (such as tempeh), nori, spirulina, chlorella algae, and unfortified nutritional yeast cannot be relied upon as adequate or practical sources of B-12.39,40 Vegans must regularly consume reliable sourcesmeaning B-12 fortified foods or B-12 containing supplementsor they could become deficient, as shown in case studies of vegan infants, children, and adults
A smaller diameter needle (higher gauge) offers less pain for the person being injected
Potential Side Effects and Limited Human Data While preclinical studies have not shown significant toxicity at standard doses, the research in humans is still in its early stages
The vitamin is administered in the office via injections
e071725e071725, www.bmj.com/content/383/bmj-2022-071725, Julian, Thomas, et al